The main piece of legislation governing the use of animals in research in the UK is the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. This law (also known as ASPA) provides for the licensing of experimental and other scientific procedures performed on vertebrates that may cause pain, suffering, suffering or lasting harm. This law covers all scientific procedures on any vertebrate from a simple blood sample to major operations. Although this law was passed in 1986, it continues to be amended to reflect changing attitudes and knowledge about the care and use of animals. It was amended in 1998 to better comply with Council Directive 86/609/EEC. Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by IPM-accredited reviewers) at least every five years. All code owners must submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching and their impact on them, from low or no to severe. Researchers cannot conduct their studies until they have confirmed the validity of animal use and there are more educational or scientific gains that outweigh the potential impact on animal welfare. Researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEB indicating what needs to be done, a defense of the study, and the ethics and welfare of the animals used that reflect the 3Rs. The Public Health Service (PHS) oversees the two federal agencies that perform the most animal testing: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The German Animal Welfare Act of 1972 aims to implement the utilitarian principle that there must be good reasons to harm an animal and states that it is man`s responsibility to protect the life and welfare of his fellow human beings. [19] The Animal Welfare Act is complemented by the 2013 Laboratory Animal Welfare Regulation and EU Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal testing facilities must be inspected at least every three years, and facilities conducting primate research must be inspected at least once a year.
[20] The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) was proclaimed on August 24, 1966. It is the only federal law in the United States that regulates the treatment of animals in research, teaching, testing, display, transportation, and by merchants. The law is enforced by USDA, APHIS, Animal Care. Establishments are also subject to annual unannounced inspections by USDA APHIS veterinary inspectors. About 70 inspectors[36] supervise about 1100 research institutes. [37] Inspectors also carry out prior licensing checks for sites where there is no experimentation or transport of animals, which are more than 4000 (for example, kennels). [38] PHS has a policy that mandates vertebrate care for federally funded laboratories, but the policy is not enforced and monitoring of PHS is widely criticized as inadequate. The Agency only requires written assurance of compliance from the Office of Laboratory Welfare, OLAW. If a plant is found to be defective, OLAW takes few actions, has no mandatory follow-up or on-site inspection.
The types of institutions that conducted animal testing in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); ministries and other public institutions (13.8 per cent); not-for-profit organizations (12.4%); National Health Service hospitals (0.7 per cent); Public health laboratories (0.2%). [10] United States. The Department of Agriculture (USDA) has issued federal regulations for the care and use of laboratory animals in biomedical research that are broader than those covering human subjects. The federal law called the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) sets high standards for the care of laboratory animals in terms of housing, feeding, cleanliness, ventilation and medical needs. It also requires the use of anesthetics or painkillers for potentially painful procedures and during postoperative care. Most importantly, research institutions are required by law to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) to oversee all work with animals. ACCUI require researchers to justify their need for animals; Choose the most appropriate species and use as few animals as possible to answer a particular question. All ISCC include at least one veterinarian and one community representative who are not affiliated with the institution. These committees have the power to reject any research proposal and to stop any project that they believe does not meet the right standards. The Public Health Service Act (PHS) requires all institutions receiving research funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration or the Centers for Disease Control to adhere to the standards set out in the Guide to the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Under PHS, institutions must follow detailed recommendations on animal care and establish an ACCUI to ensure that all animals are treated responsibly and humanely.
Other regulators claim to protect laboratory animals. The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is the federal law that governs the care and use of laboratory animals in the United States. The TAZ covers all warm-blooded animals except farm animals, horses not used for research purposes and mice, rats and birds reared for research. AWA regulations specify requirements for veterinary care, food and water, protection from extreme temperatures, protection from outdoor elements, sanitation facilities and records. All provinces in Canada have created and passed animal welfare legislation, but only some provinces have enacted their own legislation. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Section 2.50 Time and Method of Animal Identification. References 1See for example “Pesticide test deaths” in www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-experimentation/death-toll-pesticide-testing/. 2Katy Taylor et coll., « Estimates for Worldwide Laboratory Animal Use in 2005 », Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 36.3 (2008) : 327-342. 3U.S.
Department of Agriculture, « Annual Report on Animal Use by Fiscal Year », 2017. 4Justin Goodman et al., « Tendances de l`utilisation des animaux aux installations de recherche américaines », Journal of Medical Ethics, 41.7 (2015): 567-569. 5Conseil canadien de protection des animaux, « Rapport sur les données animales », 2015. 6European Commission, « Seventh report on statistics on the number of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes in the Member States of the European Union », 2013. 7Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “No. 19: Guidance Document on the Recognition, Assessment and Use of Clinical Signs as Humane Parameters for Laboratory Animals Used in Safety Assessment”, OECD Publications on Environmental Health and Safety, Test and Evaluation Series, 2000. 8U.S. Landwirtschaftsministerium. 9John J. Pippin, “Animal Research in Medical Sciences: Seeking a Convergence of Science, Medicine and Animal Law,” South Texas Law Review, 54 (2013): 469-511. 10Gilbert M.
Gaul, “In U.S., Few Alternatives to Testing on Animals,” The Washington Post, p. 12. April 2008. 11Ebd. 12B. Ekwall, “Überblick über die MEIC-Endergebnisse: II. The In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation, including the Selection of a Practical Battery of Cell Tests for Prediction of Acute Lethal Blood Concentrations in Humans”, Toxicology In Vitro, 13.4 (1999): 665-673. 13Referenzbibliothek der Europäischen Union für Alternativen zu Tierversuchen, « EURL ECVAM Recommendation on the 3T3 NRU Assay for Supporting the Identification of Substances Not Require Classification for Acute Oral Toxicity », 2013.
14Joseph R. Manuppello et al., « Avoid Dermal Systemic Toxicity Testing », Applied In Vitro Toxicology, 1.3 (2015): 173-174. 15Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, « Test Nr. 442C: In Chemico Skin Sensitisation: Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (DPRA) », Publications de l’OCDE sur la santé et la sécurité environnementales, Lignes directrices de l’OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4, zuletzt aktualisiert 2019. 16Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, « Test Nr. 442D: In Vitro Skin Sensitisation: ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase Test Method”, OECD Publications on Environmental Health and Safety, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, zuletzt aktualisiert 2018. 17Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, “Test Nr. 442E: In Vitro Skin Sensitisation: Human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT)”, OECD Publications on Environmental Health and Safety, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, zuletzt aktualisiert 2018. 18Methodius J. Bartek et al., “Skin Permeability In Vivo: Comparison in Rat, Rabbit, Pig and Man,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 58.3 (1972): 114-123.
19Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, “Test Nr. 431: In-vitro-Hautätzung: Rebuilt Human Epidermis (RHE) Test Method”, OECD Publications on Environmental Health and Safety, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4, zuletzt aktualisiert 2019.